Four Organic Groups
four organic groups
Are organic compounds polar?
Out of the four groups of organic compounds, i.e. lipids,carbs, proteins, and nucleic acid, which one of these are polar? What is confusing me is that only nonpolar molecules can diffuse across across the plasma membrane, so what about the organic compounds, and other substances like water? How do they diffuse across the membrane?
When there is a membrane separating two different solutions it is osmosis, a specific subcategory of diffusion. Osmosis is diffusion of a solvent (and sometimes selected small solutes) across a selectively permeable membrane separating different solutions. Passage across the membrane is selective and determined by the type of material making up the membrane.
In biological systems water is the universal solvent that moves across the bipolar lipid membranes with embedded membrane spanning transport proteins. Membranes retain the concentrations of large molecules made by a cells metabolic pathways, but they permit the water to move. Membranes provide a point to control the cell contents by restraining those solutes too large to pass through the pores and by actively moving selected small molecules to create gradients. Active transport keeps a cells homeostasis and controls the concentrations of solutes inside the cell.
Small soluble molecules may move across a membrane although most are regulated but never the large polymerized molecules such as the lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Nor are the mono or disaccharides small enough to move without active transport.
Transport ATPase proteins can move ions in or out of a cell to create a steeper concentration gradient across the membrane.
The interior of living cells is a crowded volume of macromolecules, cytoskeletal filaments, and organelles with biomolecules occupying a significant fraction (20–40%) of the cellular volume or up to 400g/L. Molecular crowding, the relative local concentrations of reactants, is part of how cells function. They achieve this crowding of macromolecules with controlled movement of molecules across the membrane. The removal of sodium and chloride ions from the cytosol both allows an exchange for potassium ions and compensates for the osmotic effect of the higher concentration of organic molecules inside the cell. Water would force itself into cells, with their high solute concentration, creating a disruption of the membrane by osmotic pressure otherwise. Some plant cells resist osmotic disruption with cell walls and vacuoles.
Macromolecular crowding provides a cooperative momentum for the assembly of macromolecular complexes; once assembled they take up less space.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol
‘Molecular Crowding and Solvation: Direct and Indirect Impact on Protein Reactions’
http://www.springerprotocols.com/Abstract/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-367-7_9
UltraShield Genesis interview XFlora Farm, Njoro [Bidco Group,Nakuru, Kenya, August 2011]
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