Organic Manicure Set
Organic Manicure Set
Hepatitis C: an overview of the infection
Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is shallow, contains the genetic material in the form of RNA-coated. Before the discovery of HCV infection in 1989 called the “hepatitis B neither A nor B”.
The main feature of hepatitis C virus – is its genetic variability, demonstrated ability to mutate. It is known 6 major genotypes of hepatitis C. However, due to mutation of the virus activity in humans may be around four dozen subspecies of HCV, however, within a single genotype. It is one of the important factors determining the persistence of the virus and a high incidence of chronic hepatitis C.
The human immune system is simply unable to control the production of antibodies needed – yet produced antibodies to some viruses – have already formed their descendants with different antigenic properties.
How common is hepatitis C?
The prevalence of hepatitis C in developed countries makes up 2%. The number of people infected with hepatitis C virus, can reach up to 500 million official registration and registration of cases and infected with hepatitis C started much later than in other viral hepatitis. Earlier infection called viral hepatitis B neither A nor B “.
Every year the incidence of hepatitis C in different countries is growing. It is believed that this increase is associated with an increase in drug abuse: 38-40% of young people falling ill with hepatitis C are infected through intravenous drug use.
Chronic hepatitis C is the leader among the reasons for requiring a liver transplant.
The mechanism of infection with hepatitis C
To infection with the hepatitis C virus was realized, it is necessary that the material containing the virus (the blood of an infected person) got into the bloodstream of another person. Since the virus in the bloodstream entered into the liver where they penetrate the liver cells and begin to multiply there.
Liver cell damage can occur either through the activity of viruses themselves, and in the immunological response – the response of the body, sending immune cells-cells to destroy infected liver cells containing foreign genetic material.
Infection with hepatitis C virus
Who is more sick with hepatitis C?
Hepatitis C often suffer from the young people. However, the “age” of infection is gradually increasing.
More than 170 million population afflicted with chronic hepatitis C. Each year 3.4 million people are infected. The disease is prevalent in all countries, but unevenly.
Where do you get hepatitis C?
You can become infected when performing body piercing, tattoos – in their respective showrooms. However, statistics often become infected in areas where there is sharing of injecting drug use. High risk of infection in prisons.
Medical personnel can get to work (in a hospital, clinic) for injury while working with infected blood.
Transfusion (blood transfusion) is now rarely are the cause of infection of patients, their contribution is less than 4%.
Previously, hepatitis C, characterized as “Post-transfusion. Risk of infection during medical manipulations can be maintained in developing countries. If a gross violation of health standards, the site of infection could be any office, where medical manipulations are performed.
Often with hepatitis C to establish the exact source of infection is not possible.
How is the transmission?
The main mechanism of infection – hematogenous, parenteral (through blood). Most often, infection with hepatitis C is the introduction of a sufficient number of infected blood injections, needle-sharing
Possible contamination when performing body piercing and tattooing instruments contaminated with blood, the patient or carrier of infection, perhaps – in the sharing of razors, manicure equipment, and even toothbrushes (they got on infected blood can cause infection), when they bite.
Infection with hepatitis C with the introduction of blood during operations and traumas, the introduction of drugs and mass vaccination in dental offices are less likely in developed countries.
Infection with sexually transmitted
Sexual transmission of hepatitis C little relevance. Through unprotected sexual contact with the virus transmission probability is 3-5%.
In the monogamous marriage, the risk of transmission is minimal, but it increased in the presence of a large number of partners, casual relationships.
It is not known how promote the transfer of oral sex.
Persons having sex with patients or carriers of hepatitis C virus, the use of condoms.
In addition, as a rule, you can not tell by appearance person sick if he had hepatitis C, and even more so – whether it is a carrier of the virus.
Transmission of hepatitis C from mother to child
From an infected mother to fetus, hepatitis C virus is rarely transmitted, not more than 5% of cases. Infection is possible only in labor, the passage of the birth canal. Prevent infection is not possible today.
In most cases, children are born healthy. Data on the course of infection in the long run, while insufficient, treatment protocols for infants is also to be developed.
There is no data indicating the possibility of transmission from mother’s milk. Breastfeeding in the presence of hepatitis C in the mother recommends the repeal, if there are violations of the integrity of the skin of the mammary glands, bleeding.
Does transmission of hepatitis C with normal household contacts?
Hepatitis C is transmitted by airborne droplets (when talking, sneezing, saliva), with shaking hands, hugging, using common utensils, food or drinks.
If the domestic transmission has occurred, then it must have hit a particle of blood from a patient or carrier of hepatitis C virus in the blood of infected (in trauma, cuts, abrasions through).
Patients and carriers of hepatitis C virus should not be isolated from family and society, they should not limit or create special conditions for work, study, take care of them (children, elderly persons) only based on the presence of infection.
How do I know if I have a risk of getting hepatitis C?
There are groups of people at higher risk of contracting hepatitis C. Epidemiologists distinguish three degrees of risk.
Most at risk are: those who inject drugs, persons who poured blood clotting factors before 1987
Intermediate (medium-high) risk of infection with hepatitis C are: patients on hemodialysis (apparatus “artificial kidney”), persons who were transplanted organs (transplantation), or that blood transfusion before 1992, and all who were transfused blood from donor, which later turned out with a positive test for hepatitis C, persons with unidentified illnesses (problems) of the liver, babies born to infected mothers.
The next group (the weak increase in risk) include: health workers and sanitary-epidemiological service, persons who have sex with many partners, persons who have sex with an infected partner.
People belonging to groups of high and medium risk should be screened for hepatitis C.
In this case, tests must pass, even in those cases where (say) injecting drug use occurred only once or several times many years ago. Tests for hepatitis C are also collected all persons infected with HIV.
Children born to infected mothers, the analysis is performed at the age of 12-18 months.
Health care workers should undergo examination in all cases of alleged contact with infected blood (for example, if pricked with a needle or blood gets into your eyes).
Individuals from certain groups at risk for hepatitis C should be vaccinated against hepatitis B, because they have the risk of infection and the infection.
What tests will establish the fact of infection?
The first analysis, which usually recommend to do – it’s antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). It is performed in most medical institutions. This analysis establishes only the fact of infection in the present or the past.
In addition, this analysis can give false-positive (the analysis is positive, but the infection is actually not) and false-negative results (analysis is negative, but an infection actually have one), for different reasons.
Therefore, for accurate diagnosis of hepatitis C to perform more complex tests.
Can I get infected with hepatitis C virus and not get sick?
You can get infected and have had hepatitis C, that is, to recover. The probability of this is about 10-20%.
You can get infected and become a carrier of hepatitis C virus replicates in the body carrier, but he himself did not inflict much damage. These people do not show changes in liver-function tests and signs of hepatitis in liver biopsy. However, perhaps hidden progression.
Yet, once infected by the hepatitis C virus, most infected people develop chronic hepatitis C. The probability of this is about 70%. All infected need constant medical supervision, because the risk of activation of the disease they have saved.
Can you get sick with hepatitis C and again?
Yes, you can get infected and fall ill again. Even if the treatment was carried out successfully, immunity to hepatitis C virus is not produced, so re-infection (including – another type of HCV) causes the disease.
What if the family is sick with hepatitis C?
Sick or infected family members must comply with all measures that will prevent transmission of the virus to other family members, including: Do not be a donor of blood or organs for transplants, do not use common household items, which may serve as factors of transmission (razors, and devices, epilators, toothbrushes and thread, manicure sets), with cuts and abrasions to cover them with a bandage or plaster so that the blood did not get out (if it needs to make the dressing, or put a plaster to put on medical gloves).
Established that the hepatitis C virus survives in the environment (eg, dried drops of blood) at room temperature for at least 16 hours, and even up to 4 days.
All the places that accidentally drops of blood infected family members should be treated with a disinfectant solution – for example, chlorine-containing detergents, or bleach solution at a dilution of 1:100. Wash at 60 degrees will inactivate the virus in 30 minutes, boiling – for 2 minutes.
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